Cloud computing is a pattern of accessing computing resources such as server, network, storage, applications and services, including minimal management or service provider interaction effort and interactive cost payment based on request based networks usage. A cloud is composed of many data centers that support many servers. These centers energy consumption needs in order to maintain their actions are high. Nowadays, a data center with one thousand racks, needs ten megawatts of power for its operation and high energy consumption leads to high costs. Therefore, for a data center, energy costs is an important component of the initial costs. As a result, energy efficient solutions are needed to ensure the environmental sustainability of this new computing model. Virtualization solutions, are widely used in order to solve various problems of modern data centers. Virtualization is a technology by which we can run two or more operating system on a single server in a way that would be cost effectiveness of the hardware and software; as well as the efficient use of system resources. In this thesis, we focus on the allocation of virtual machines and migration in the cloud data center using genetic algorithms. This work has been inspired by the study of bee colonies and the behavior of bees .Simulation results confirm the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithm, leading to significant reduction in total energy consumption compared to other strategies in which reducing the user-cost plays a significant role.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have an important role in the development of the economy as well as creating jobs for workers. In Vietnam, the number of SMEs accounts for a large proportion of the total businesses. In global competition, SMEs face many difficulties, not only backward technology, and weakness in finance but also backwardness in management. One of the prominent weaknesses of management is that SMEs are still mainly based on the information provided from traditional costing system (TCS) or based on the experience of managers to make decisions. Activity-Based Costing (ABC) system has many advantages than TCS in particular, providing reliable information for administration, decision-making and continuous improvement. Despite such benefits, ABC has yet to be noticed by Vietnamese SMEs. This paper surveys the state of ABC adoption and implementation in Vietnamese SMEs, analyses the reasons why they have yet to apply the ABC system and offers solutions.

Karevansara is a kind of building in Iranian old architecture which is designed for the passengers to rest in the middle of the way. These buildings have a multilayer space skeleton with a central courtyard, Ivans, rooms and stables around the yard. The interaction of Karevansaras with their environment has been improved as they were brought inside the cities. Out of city Karevansaras has the least communication with the environment. According to the Karevansara of Zeinedin, there is a hierarchy in rooms with more depth than stables Ivan as an intermediate space plays an important role in this hierarchy. Using features like Ivan in front of room, tall walls, multilayer plan, separated functions and only one entrance to the building without any window help creating privacy needed in a residential space. Smart use of structure in covering of Karevansara that effects space qualities produces spatial points according to the space personality. Numerous little spaces gathered together based on the central courtyard and they are changed in size or removed to emphasize on some points. Courtyard also has caused the facilities can be seen in first sight of a passenger. Rooms around the courtyard behind the Ivans and vestibule in front of entrance that provides access to stables are other points that make a Karevansara eligible.

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles’ addition and pH-cycling on the microshear bond strength of total-etch adhesive. Methods: Occlusal surfaces of 24 freshly extracted human molars ground to flat dentin surfaces were bonded using Single Bond 2 adhesive (SB). Specimens randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=6), 1) flat dentin surfaces bonded using SB (control group), 2) nanoparticles suspended in water and rubbed on the etched dentin, 3) nanoparticles suspended in ethanol and rubbed on the etched dentin, and 4) nanoparticles suspended in SB adhesive and rubbed on the etched dentin. SB bonding agent was applied to the second and third groups after nanoparticles’ application. Z350 XT resin composite (3M/ESPE) was used for composite cylinders build up (0.9 mm in diameter x 0.5 mm in height). Three composite cylinders constructed on each dentin surface (n=18). Each group further subdivided into two subgroups (n=9), one subjected to pH-cycling protocol [20 min. in demineralizing solution (pH 4.3) three times daily with an intervening periods in remineralizing solution (pH 7)], while the other stored in artificial saliva for a month. Lloyd universal testing machine was used to test microshear bond strength at crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Data statistically-analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey\'s post-hoc tests (P≤0.05). Results: SB with nanoparticles addition (group 4) showed the statistically significantly highest mean microshear bond strength values (40MPa). This was followed by group1 (36.4MPa) then group 3 (31.95MPa). Group 2 showed the statistically significantly lowest mean shear bond strength values (27MPa). Meanwhile, subgroups stored in artificial saliva showed statistically significantly higher mean microshear bond strength (35.17MPa) than pH cycling (32.5MPa). Conclusions: under the test conditions, addition of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to the adhesive increased the microshear bond strength.

Calf diarrhoea has been a major cause of calf mortality and is responsible for major economic losses in the livestock production. E.coli is the major bacteria associated with calf diarrhoea (Sojka, 1971; Barrandeguy et al., 1989). Certain serotypes particularly O157:H7 of E.coli emerged as an important food born pathogens for which the cattle is proofed to be a single major reservoir and major source of human infections (Chapman et al., 1993). The present study was carried out to find out the association of E.coli with the cases of calf diarrhoea and their characterization.

Abstract:\nThe main purpose of this paper is to examine the efficiency of competitive product market shares in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Competition criteria in this study included \"industry concentration\", \"replacement the goods\", \"market size\", \"Index-Q Tobin,\" \"barriers to entry\" (capital intensity). Therefore, a sample of 87 companies during the years 2003 to 2011 isexamined.The results show that there was a significant negative correlation between the variables of industry concentration, the substitute goods, market size and index - Q Tobin with stock returns. But there is no significant relationship between stock returns and barriers to entry. The results of this study indicate that firms with high competitivenessearn low efficiency.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an integrated enterprise-wide information system that combines all necessary business functions like production planning, purchase, inventory control, sales, finance and human resource.ERP selection decision is too complicated for a simple decision making (DM) to handle it, therefore it’s usually considered as a group decision making problem. In this research we integrated the decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and analytic network process (ANP) to obtain relative fuzzy weights of options. A newly developed fuzzy ranking method \"Area Ranking Method\", is employed to rank options,\nthis method uses DM`s risk factor as an input.